Psychiatrists have long been aware of the existence of PTSD symptoms. Although TEs are a major risk factor for PTSD, not every victim develops PTSD after experiencing TEs. Exposure to a TE is a necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD, and exposure to such TEs increases the risk of developing PTSD within the first 3 months . ![]() ![]() The characteristic features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood . Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious and prolonged psychiatric disorder that occurs following exposure to extreme stressors or traumatic events (TEs), such as combats, terrorist attacks, natural disasters, sexual assault, or even severe traffic accidents . In this review, we summarize and discuss the diagnosis, prevalence, TEs, pathophysiology, and treatments of PTSD and draw attention to its prevention. Because of the high prevalence, heavy burden, and limited treatments, PTSD is a psychiatric disorder that requires urgent attention. A combination of both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy is used to treat PTSD, but has limited efficacy in patients with refractory PTSD. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the pathophysiology of PTSD is complex, involving abnormal neural circuits, molecular mechanisms, and genetic mechanisms. Individuals with PTSD have high comorbidities with other psychiatric diseases, including major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder. The important features of PTSD are intrusion or re-experiencing fear memories, pervasive sense of threat, active avoidance, hyperarousal symptoms, and negative alterations of cognition and mood. More than 70% of adults worldwide are exposed to a TE at least once in their lifetime, and approximately 10% of individuals develop PTSD after experiencing a TE. The TEs described in the DSM-5 include actual or threatened death, serious injury, sexual violence, and other extreme stressors, either directly or indirectly. In both diagnostic categories, experiencing a traumatic event (TE) is the necessary criterion for diagnosing PTSD. Currently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases 11th Edition (ICD-11) offer the most widely accepted diagnostic guidelines for PTSD. ![]() Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe and heterogenous psychiatric disorder that was first defined as a mental disorder in 1980.
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